Arabic and Other Islamic Languages (Persian, Turkish, Urdu, Malay, and Indonesian)

Table of Contents
Arabic Study at UGA
Arabic Study Abroad
Scholarships for Arabic Study Abroad
Online Arabic Books and Downloadable Arabic Library
On-line Arabic Bookstores
Arabic Computing
Arabic Language and Culture Links
Transliteration of Arabic: Rules and Fonts
Other Islamic Languages Resources (Persian, Turkish, Urdu, Malay, and Indonesian)

Arabic Study at UGA

Arabic is both an Asian and African language. It is the language of roughly 208 million people: 110 million in Asia and 98 million in Africa. In addition, it is the liturgical language of about one billion Muslims throughout the world.

At UGA we offer a three year (six semester) sequence in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA):
ARAB1001-2 Beginning, Prof. Bhuiyan; 2003-4 Intermediate, Prof. Bhuiyan; and 3005-6 Advanced, Dr. Honerkamp. These courses can be followed by Arabic 4201-2 (Advanced Conversation and Composition in MSA), Arabic 4300 (Media Arabic), and Arabic 4107 (Islamic Arabic I, taught by Dr. Honerkamp) and Arabic 4108 (Islamic Arabic II., taught by Dr. Godlas). Note that ARAB3005-6 are prerequisites for 4000 level classes, but these may be taken concurrently.

Professor Bhuiyan teaches the first two years of Arabic, 1001-2, 2003-4. UGA will also be hosting one or two federally funded Foreign Language Teaching Assistants for Arabic.

Arabic Minor

Currently we offer a minor in Arabic comprised of 15 semester hours. Students must take Arabic 2003, 2004, 3005, and 3006, in addition to one additional course at the 4000 level or above--except for Arabic 4100. A minimum grade of "C" must be earned in each course.

Arabic Major

Pending official approval, we expect that we will be able to offer a major in Arabic in 2008 consisting tentatively of the following:
Required Courses: 21 semester hours
Seven courses of upper division Arabic, consisting of ARAB3005-6 Advanced Arabic, ARAB 4107-4108 Islamic Arabic, ARAB 4201-4202 Arabic Conversation and Composition, ARAB 4300 Media Arabic.
Major Electives: 15 hours
Courses in a foreign Language through the third semester including Persian, Turkish, Indonesian, Urdu, Bengali, Swahili, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Chinese (9 hours); any non-required Arabic upper division course such as ARAB 4000, ARAB 4100; RELI 4300, 4301, 4302, 4303, 4304, 4305, 4307, 4310; History 3561, 3562, 3564, 3570H, 3580, 4530, 4560, 4580; INTL 4370, 4490
Area F (Courses Related to the Major): 18 hrs
ARAB 1001-1002 (Beginning Arabic), 2003-2004 (Intermediate Arabic), plus an additional 6 semesters hours of course work chosen from any of the following areas: beginning/intermediate courses in Persian, Turkish, Urdu, Bengali, Indonesian, Swahili, anthropology, art, geography, history, international relations, linguistics, comparative literature, music, philosophy, political science, religion, sociology.
General Electives: 24 hrs
Upper division (3-15 hours)
Any level (9-21 hours)
All ARAB courses must receive a grade of "C" (2.0) or above to count toward major.

Students considering majoring in Arabic should ideally begin studying Arabic in their freshman year.

  • Undergraduate Classes Offered in Arabic
  • Graduate Classes Offered in Arabic

    For information on our MA program in Religion with a concentration in Arabic and Islamic Studies, see the page, Courses Taught and Programs Supervised by Dr. Godlas (link fixed 26 December 2005).

    Arabic Study Abroad

  • Islam, Islamic Culture, and Arabic in Morocco A Maymester program centered in Marrakech and directed by Dr. Godlas and Dr. Honerkamp of the University of Georgia.

    For information on programs for intensive study of Arabic abroad see the article Arabic Study Programs in the Arab World, by Professors Barbara R. von Schlegell and John Hayes. (Fixed, July 4, 1999; December 29, 2002)

    Scholarships for Study Abroad

    National Security Education Program offers American citizens scholarships for language study abroad. Students studying Arabic, Persian, and Turkish are given special consideration since these languages are among those deemed particularly important to the national interest.

    The University System of Georgia Board of Regents awards scholarships for study abroad to students who are enrolled in a University System of Georgia School (link fixed 26 December 2005). Any student in the University System of Georgia in good standing can apply study abroad scholarships. The scholarships can be used on any study abroad program, not just programs in the System. Students must send their scholarship applications directly to the institution at which they are enrolled in a degree program. UGA students should submit their applications at the Office of International Education (link fixed 13 March 2005). Deadlines are posted for each study abroad program.

    The new application for annual study abroad opportunities is ready. Information on it and other scholarships for UGA students is available at Office of International Education site (link fixed, Dec. 7, 2003).

    Note that Georgia residents who qualify for a Hope scholarship can use their scholarship to study abroad.

    Online Arabic Books or Downloadable Arabic Books

    Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon This is the best Arabic-English dictionary (derived from the great classical Arabic dictionaries) of classical Arabic, marred only by the fact that Lane died before he could complete it. Hence some entries from the letter "qaf" until the end of the alphabet are incomplete. A supplement was compiled for many of the incomplete entries; and these are included in this online edition at the end of the entries for each letter beginning from "qaf" until the end.

    Al-Mawsu'a al-shamila (The Comprehensive Encyclopedia) is a online and searchable library of roughly 5000 books including most of the major classical Arabic Islamic texts. It is organized in three large categories (each of which has a number of subcategories): 1) Doctrines and the Sciences of the Qur'an and Hadith; 2) The Sciences of Islamic Jurisprudence; and 3) Other Sciences
    Each one of these broad categories can be searched, which can be a time saver. Also, the entire website accepts Boolean searches, in which by enclosing a phrase in quotation marks, the search will only produce results that have the search terms in the order enclosed by quotation marks. All of the subcategories and the titles included therein can be viewed at Khizanat al-kutub (The Repository of the Books). The books in each subcategory can be searched by clicking on the subcategory from this Khizanat page.

  • Researchers tracking down authors or book titles would do well to search the subcategory of Al-Tarajim wa-al-tabaqat, since among other useful sources searched in that category are the 20th century bio-bibliographical works of Zirikli Al-'Alam and Kahhala Mu'jam al-mu'allifin, which cites Hajji Khalifa's Kashf al-zunun and Baghdadi's Hadiyat al-'arifin as well as al-Zirikli's Al-'Alam. In addition, for tracking down authors or book titles, select the subcategory Faharis al-kutub, which among other books searches Hajji Khalifa's Kashf al-zunun and Baghdadi's Hadiyat al-'arifin as well as al-Kattani's Fihris al-faharis.
  • In subcategory 'Ulum al-lugha al-'arabiya, the great classical Arabic dictionaries such as Lisan al-'arab and Taj al-'arus can be searched.
  • A number of important Sufi texts are in the library, most being included in the section Kutub al-akhlaq wa-al-raqa'iq, where they can be searched. Among these texts are al-Sulami's Adab al-suhba and 'Uyub al-nafs, al-Makki's Qut al-qulub, Ansari's Manazil al-sa'irin, al-Qushayri's Risala, al-Nifari's al-Mawaqif wa-al-mukhatabat, al-Ghazali's Ihya' 'ulum al-din, Ibn 'Ajiba's Iqaz al-himam fi sharh al-Hikam al-din. Major Sufi hagiographical texts that are included in the Al-Tarajim wa-al-Tabaqat section are al-Sulami's Tabaqat al-Sufiya and Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani's Hilyat al-awliya. A few Sufi or Sufi influenced Qur'an commentaries (Qushayri's Lata'if al-isharat, al-Tha'labi's Kashf al-bayan, Isma'il Haqqi Bursali/Bursevi's Ruh al-bayan, Ibn 'Ajiba's Bahr al-madid, and Alusi's Ruh al-ma'ani can be searched in the subcategory Kutub al-tafsir.

    A smaller but very useful online collection of classical Arabic Islamic texts is at www.muhaddith.org Researchers can choose whatever books they want to search. In particular its copy of Lisan al-'arab (in the subcategory of Ma'ajim) is vocalized (and well-formatted in the search results).

    Al-Waraq On-line Library of Classical Arabic Texts This used to be a very useful searchable database, but now, unfortunately, there is a $90 yearly fee (or $10 per month). Containing over a million pages in Arabic organized in the following categories: Adab, History, Ansab, Geography and Travelogues, Hadith, Tarajim, Philosophy and Logic, 'Ulum al-qur'an, 'Ulum al-hadith, 'Ulum al-lugha, 'Aqida, Medicine, Interpretation of Dreams, Sufism, Bibliography, and Miscellaneous sciences. Among its dictionaries are the two most comprehensive Arabic-Arabic dictionaries:

  • Lisan al-'Arab of Ibn Manzur.
  • Taj al-'Arus of Zabidi.
    It also contains the Qut al-qulub of Abu Talib al-Makki, an important early Sufi compendium.

    Nida' al-Iman, a vast online Arabic book library, including one of my favorite Arabic books, Kashf al-khafa' and the important Arabic-Arabic dictionary Qamus al-muhit of Fayruzabadi.

    Al-Islam.com, which in Arabic is titled "Mawqi' al-Islam" (The Site of Islam), has a large collection of classical Arabic Islamic texts, among its many aspects. Its Hadith Library is particularly rich, containing each of the nine major Sunni hadith collections, as well as the major commentaries on the most important of these collections, and (toward the top on the right sided) both a basic and sophisticated search engine (click on "bahth mutaqqadim" in the middle of the search box) that will search any or all of the books contained in the Hadith library, including the commentaries. See as well its Tafsir Library, containing the Qur'an commentaries (in Arabic) of Tabari, Qurtubi, Ibn Kathir, and Jalalayn.

    Al-Tafsir.comThe most comprehensive online collection of tafsirs (Qur'an commentaries). While currently the vast majority of the tafsirs are all in Arabic (although the site does contain translations of the Qur'an in numerous languages), in the future more Qur'an commentaries translated into English will also be included. Among the translations now on-line is the well-known Tafsir al-Jalalayn.

    Kitabkhanah-ye Islami (Islamic Library) a number of important Islamic texts in Arabic, largely (but by no means completely) Shi'i texts (fixed Dec. 11, 2003). It contains an online version of the important Arabic-Arabic dictionary Lisan al-'arab. This collection includes a compilation of the names and brief descriptions of those who were said to have fabricated or forged hadiths. Al-Wadda'un wa-ahadithuhum al-mawdu'ah (Fabricators and Their Fabricated Hadith).

    al-Shifa (The Healing) of Qadi 'Iyad (d. 544/1149-50), the Arabic text is online here. This is probably the most important hagiography of the Prophet Muhammad (s). It has been translated into English by Ayesha Bewley.

    Al-Muhaddith Islamic Library (fixed March 30, 2007) Readable, Searchable and/or Downloadable Arabic Research Library for research in Arabic primary sources in Islamic Studies. You can also download Arabic-Arabic, Arabic-English, and English-Arabic dictionaries here.

    On-line Arabic Bookstores

  • Wakeel Arabic Book Service This book service (formerly al-Razi Books), based in Amman will ship you Arabic books and will also photocopy and bind out of print works.
  • Leila Books (link fixed 18 August, 2005) is a bookshop in Cairo where Arabic books can be ordered by e-mail.
  • Al-Kitab.com, located in California,has a large selection of Arabic Islamic texts with a searchable database.(Link fixed, February 25, 2004.)
  • AlMaktabah.com is the web site of Dar al-Kutub al-'ILmiyah, a major publisher of Arabic books in Beirut. In addition to their own books, they can supply customers with books published by other publishers.

    Arabic Computing, Surfing the Arabic Web, and Translating

  • Arabicizing Your Computer (link fixed January 11, 2007) by al-Husein N. Madhany in PDF format (which is an updated an enhanced version of the original); and an older version of the same article and in html is Arabic Windows (html) and in MSWord format is Arabic Windows (.doc format) (revised May, 2004). I highly recommend this article to anyone who wishes to fully take advantage of the Arabic that is found on the web as well as any other Arabic computing possibilities. See also Dr. Madhany's power point presentation about Arabicizing Windows.
  • Arabic Keyboard Layout This is especially useful for reminding one of where characters that are not commonly used are located, such as short vowels and case markers.
  • Web-based Translation of Arabic This is a computerized automatic translation service provided for free by Systran. Although rudimentary, it is still useful. Go to the box at the bottom of the screen that first appears, hit the down arrow and select Arabic to English.
  • The Arabic MacIntosh A comprehensive page for Arabic computing on a Mac.
  • Aramedia Group sells numerous Arabic software packages, including comprehensive searchable collections of hadith, as well as the Qur'an in Arabic with various Arabic commentaries and recited by some of the premier reciters of the Muslim world.
  • Arabic.com has many different software packages for both Arabic word processing as well as Arabic language learning. (Link fixed, January 9, 2005.)

    Links for Arabic Language and Culture

  • Information on the Arabic Script and Its History at the website of AncientScripts.com.
  • Teach Yourself to Read Arabic a free service from the DurusulQuran Website. It is helpful to expand the window to the full size of your screen by clicking on the "expand windows" icon at the top righthand corner of your screen (in Windows).
  • On-Line Arabic Instruction You can learn the Arabic alphabet and some rudimentary Arabic for free from the first level of this site, which includes good quality sound from Real Audio, where you can download the current version of RealPlayer for free (link fixed 18 August, 2005). Lessons 6-9 of the first level introduce the Arabic script. After you get RealPlayer, you can hear the sound of each letter of the Arabic alphabet by clicking on it. To repeat the sound, click on the right-pointing arrow on RealPlayer.
  • Learning the Arabic Alphabet Although lacking sound, this is an otherwise comprehensive site for learning how to read the Arabic alphabet.
  • Dialogs from Let's Learn Arabic, the "proficiency" based textbook by Roger Allen of the University of Pennsylvania. You will need RealAudio for this.
  • My Arabic Teacher 2.1 is a CD-ROM designed by Shaykh Muhammad al-Akili to teach Arabic grammar using examples from the Qur'an and other classical Islamic Arabic texts.
  • Arabic Calligraphy, a four-part article by the calligrapher Mamoun Sakkal.
  • The Six Major Scripts of Arabic Calligraphy (link fixed 26 December, 2005)
  • The Qur'an: Arabic text and recitation The recitation is by Shaykh Khalil al-Husari and is considered to be ideal for learning the proper pronunciation of the Qur'an. Because of the importance of Qur'anic Arabic to Modern Standard Arabic, students of MSA will find this to be a useful learning tool. Real Audio 3.0 is needed in order to hear this.
  • American Association of Teachers of Arabic (AATA) contains information and links concering various publications, programs of study, opportunities (jobs and grants), software, on-line discussion groups (listservs), and other web sites in the field of Arabic Studies. (Fixed 17 November 2002.)
  • LingNet (Defense Language Institute) Arabic site (link fixed 26 December 2005).
  • Arabic Language and Culture
  • Lane's Arabic-Engish Lexicon on CD-ROM Now available from Fons Vitae Press, this is a necessity for the library of anyone who is serious about studying classical Arabic and Islam.

    Arabic Newspapers and Media Outlets Online

  • Al-Masa, Arabic Newspaper (link fixed 13 March, 2006)
  • Al-Jumhuriya, Arabic Newspaper (link fixed 18 August, 2005)
  • The Arabic Newsstand (link fixed 18 August, 2005) is a comprehensive list of links to all of the Arabic on-line newspapers on the Web. It also contains newspapers in English that deal with the Arab world.
  • BBC Arabic News Contains both written news and online radio broadcasts.
  • Voice of America (link fixed 18 August, 2005) This site used to contain radio broadcasts in Arabic, but the Arabic VOA service was eliminated. There are still broadcasts in other languages such as Persian (Farsi) and Turkish. Just choose the language you want from the list. For languages that do not appear on the main page, choose "other languages," then point and click on the map for the linguistic region you are interested in.

    Transliteration of Arabic: Rules and Fonts

  • Rules For Transliterating Arabic Although there are a number of systems for romanizing Arabic, the Library of Congress system, linked here in "pdf" format readable with Adobe Acrobat, is probably the system most commonly used by scholars. All serious university level students of Islamic Studies and Arabic should learn this system.
  • (link fixed 26 December, 2005) Arial Unicode Unicode is the new industry standard for fonts, a standard that supercedes the old ASCII character set of 256 characters. Unicode contains 40,000 characters, including the characters of all major and many minor alphabets. Among the characters are all those that are necessary for transliterating Arabic. One drawback to Arial Unicode is that it is a sans serif font, and hence, although it is useful for Web publishing, it (like sans serif fonts as a whole) is generally regarded as inferior to a serif font for works that will appear in print. Arial Unicode can be purchased at this link; but you will not need to download it if you have Microsoft Office 2000 Service Release 1 (SR-1) or Office XP (if you do a full install), since Arial Unicode is included with them. Once you have downloaded it, you will be able to read websites that are constructed in unicode, particularly Arabic websites. You can also download a free and streamlined Unicode font, Gentium for Windows and Macintosh OSX or Gentium for Macintosh OS9 for transliterating Arabic. Gentium takes up far less space than Arial Unicode and is a serif font. If you want to type in transliterated Arabic (which is essential for scholars of Arabic who publish in Western languages), you will need to assign key strokes to the transliteration characters. You can do this from MSWord by selecting "insert" from the menu at the top of an MSWord document. Then select "symbol". Then select the font "Arial Unicode" or "Gentium" from the font menu inside the "font box" at the top of the page. Then in the character menu for the symbols, you select the transliteration character to which you want to assign keystrokes, then click on "shortcut key" and assign keystrokes to the transliteration characters. (If you run into a problem, go to the "Help" menu at the top of the MSWord menu, then click on Microsoft Word Help, then, in the menu that appears, put "shortcut" in the blank. Then select "About using shortcut keys." If you are still unsuccessful, read
  • Arabicizing Your Computer (link fixed Jan. 11, 2007) a PDF article by al-Husein N. Madhany (U. of Chicago) that I have noted previously on this page.
  • Titus Cyberbit Basic Font is a serif font that can be downloaded at this link. This font can also be used for transliteration of Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish. One of its virtues is that you can download either a Windows or MAC compatible version. (Link fixed, March, 2004.)

    Other Islamic Languages

  • Steingass Persian-English Dictionary This is the online version of the most useful Persian to English dictionary of classical Persian.
  • Collection of Persian-Persian Dictionaries. This is a search engine that simultaneously gives one the definition of words in major Persian-Persian dictionaries such as the Lughat'namah of Dehkhoda and the Farhang-e Mo'in, among others.
  • Islamic Languages Page at MSA SUNY Buffalo
  • Persian Language Learning Resources (link fixed 18 August, 2005)
  • Lingnet (Defense Language Institute) Persian/Farsi Resources (link fixed 26 December, 2005)
  • Learning Practical Turkish (link fixed 13 March, 2006)
  • Turkish Language Learning Resources (link fixed 18 August, 2005)
  • Turkish--Turkish Dictionary (link fixed 18 August 2005) This is an extraordinary dictionary. It gives numerous idiomatic usages of words as well as examples illustrating how the words are used.
  • Turkic Languages A discussion and set of pages on all the Turkic languages.
  • Uzbek-English Dictionary by accomplished Uzbek language specialist, Will Dirks. (Fixed Feb. 4, 2008)
  • Basic Turkmen (link fixed 18 August 2005) is a page introducing the text and audio/video cassettes for the course Basic Turkmen by Dr. Larry Clark. The site also contains an email address to contact in order to obtain ordering information.
  • Urdu Language Learning Resources (link fixed 26 December 2005) Urdu basic language survival guide.
  • Learn the Urdu Alphabet Although lacking sound, this is generally well-done site with many examples useful for learning how to read the Urdu alphabet.
  • Simple online English-Urdu dictionary.
  • Urdu-English dictionary.
  • Searchable dictionary of Urdu and Hindi
  • Malay Language Learning Resources (link fixed 18 August 2005) A comprehensive collection of sites.
  • Indonesian Language Learning by Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.

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