1 In The Roman Citizenship, Sherwin-White analyzes the Lex Julia and Lex Plautia Papiria in the chapter “The Political Unification of Italy and Consequent Changes” (150-2).
2 “Ciceronian Invective” in Brill’s Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric focuses on the nature of Cicero’s defense speech and the status of Archias as a poet (Corbeill 206).
3 Nam quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium (Cicero, Pro Archia Poeta 8-9). For all English translations of Pro Archia Poeta, N.W. Watts will be used.
4 Gotoff even asserts, “The idea that Archias had been Cicero’s cultural inspiration is expressed as a formal application with a fullness that borders on redundancy” (101).
5 Corbeill’s essay in Brill’s Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric, “Rhetorical Education in Cicero’s Youth”, emphasizes the importance of literature and rhetoric taught by Archias (27).
6 Inde usque repetens hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse (11-13).
7 According to Steven M. Cerutti’s text Cicero: Pro Archia Poeta, Cicero is “always the humble servant,” and Cicero remains careful to define himself by three essential characteristics of an orator, ingenium, exercitio, and ratio (2).
8 Perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, verum etiam, si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse (43-46).
9 Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque litteris mihi ab adolescentia suasissem nihil esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem (187-90).
10 Wood’s work Cicero’s Social and Political Thought characterizes the intellectual and literary influences of Cicero at length (42).
11 According to Mole’s translation of Plutarch’s work The Life of Cicero, Cicero “held no form of literature or education in dishonour, [yet] he was somewhat more enthusiastically inclined towards poetry” (59).
12 Etenim omnes artes, quae ad humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune vinculum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continetur (23-5).
13 Verum etiam naturae atque virtutis (73-4)
14 Mitchell’s work, Cicero: The Senior Statesman, focuses on the conception of humanitas, “the refining or humanizing effects of a broad education in the liberal arts,” and the importance of refined individuals, like Scipio Aemilianus (37).
15 Quae propter otium ac stadium. (40)
16 Atque idem ego hoc contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam et illustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, tum illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere (215-8).
17 Nam et Cimbricas res adolescens attigit et ipse illi C. Mario (280-1).
18 Mithridaticum vero bellum. (290-1)
19 According to Sherwin-White, the war with Mithridates had profound impacts on the willingness of the Romans to extend citizenship to Greeks of Achaea and Asia (307).
20 Nunc insidet quaendam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctes ac dies animum gloriae stimulis concitat atque admonet non cum vitae tempore esse dimetiendam commemorationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adaequandam (399-404).
21 According to Gotoff, “Cicero exposes the inconsistency of those philosophers who decry the quest for immortal fame” (198).
22 Mitchell’s work, Cicero: The Senior Statesman, reveals Cicero’s “uncommon political prudence and good sense” from an early age (46-7).
23 Atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimisque studiis affluent, cleriter antecellere omnibus ingenii gloria coepit (51-4).
24 Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias atque ab iis artibus, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanities informari solet (47-9).
25 Se ad scribendi studium contulit (49-50).
26 Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Regini et Neapolitani (61-2)
27 Gutoff asserts that the mentioning of these places is very emphatic and also serves as an “elegant periphrasis for homnes eruditiores” (121-2).
28 Cum praetextatus etiam tum Archias esset (70-1).
29 Mitchell, in Cicero: The Senior Statesman, describes the importance of the “knowledge of current affairs, national and international” (18-19).
30 Domum, quae huius adolscentiae prima favit, eandem esse familiarissimam senectuti (74-5).
31 In Cicero: The Senior Statesman, Mitchell considers gravitas and constantia to be crucial for a sense of responsibility and consistency (31).
32 In Mitchell’s other work, Cicero: The Ascending Years, Mitchell describes Archias’ “warm patronization by all the prominent boni, including Crassus (6).
33 Domum, quae huius adolscentiae prima favit, eandem esse familiarissimam senectuti (74-5).
34 In iudiciis periculisque. (41)
35 Mitchell’s work, Cicero: The Senior Statesman, maintains, “He [Cicero] believed that all liberal studies contributed to the process of moral development and that this was an important part of their intent” (41).
36 In Cicero: The Senior Statesman, Mitchell asserts, “Cicero comes back many times to the importance of history and philosophy in the education of political leaders” (20)
37 Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur et aures convitio defessae conquiescant (161-3).
38 In Cicero: The Senior Statesman, Mitchell describes the manifold benefits of the study of history (21).
39 According to Mitchell’s work, Cicero: The Senior Statesman, “virtus must never have as its purpose any personal ends such as wealth or power” (42).
40 Itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse constitus ex marmore (309-11).
41 Mitchell finds Cicero to have a “genuine admiration” for Scipio in Cicero: The Senior Statesman (46).
42 Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum habuisse dicitur (333-4).
43 O fortunate, inquit, adolscens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem invereris (336-7).
44 In Wood’s work, Cicero’s Social and Political Thought, Wood asserts, “Cicero shares with most ancient thinkers the opinion that philosophy should always be of a practical value, providing us with principles to be followed in our everyday lives” (57).
45 Atqui sic a summis omnibus erudissimisque acetous, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et praeceptis et arte constare.
46 Aut si huiusce rei ratio aliqua ab optima rum artium studiis ac disciplina profecta (3-5)
47 Studiose multi summi homines reliquerunt, consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis ingeniis expressam et politam? (321-4)
48 Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurari non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum, trahimur omnes studio laudis et optimus unique maxime gloria ducitur. (364-7)
49 Bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur (67-8).
50 Hoc concursu hominum litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate (36-7).
51 In the introduction to Pro Archia Poeta, Watts refers to Brougham’s statement, “[Pro Archia Poeta] is exquisitely composed, but of which not more than one-sixth is to the purpose, could not have been delivered in a British court of law” (5).
52 According to Gutoff, “”Cicero had at his disposal only words and the stylistic genius to construct from those words arguments that would shape men’s opinions and move their hearts.” (8)
53 Cum sit civis, a numero civium, verum etiam, si non esset, putetis ascendum fuisse. (46-7)
54 Quis nostrum tam animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut Roscii morte nuper non commoveretur (237-9)
55 Et Archias nihil de me scripserit (Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.16.15).
56 See note 40.
57 Wood asserts that Cicero was at the height of his political career (51).

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