Athens, Ga. – The most comprehensive study of its kind has found that violence costs the United States $70 billion annually, a figure that rivals federal education spending and the damage caused by hurricane Katrina.

Phaedra Corso, lead author of study and associate professor of health policy at the University of Georgia College of Public Health and health economist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said the study illustrates how much money can be saved by investing in programs that decrease interpersonal violence and self-inflicted violence such as suicide. For comparison, the federal Department of Education has an annual budget of $67.2 billion and hurricane Katrina caused an estimated $80 billion in damage.

“Violence can be prevented, and this study highlights the benefits of prevention,” said Corso, whose study appears in the June issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

Corso and her colleagues at the CDC analyzed eight national data sets compiled by the federal government and calculated medical costs as well as productivity losses. The study also examines the costs of violence in different sub-populations and categories of violence, revealing specific targets for cost effective interventions.

The researchers found that most of the costs of violence stem from males and young adults. Sixty-eight percent of the costs from assaults and 63 percent of the costs from self-inflicted injuries were in males aged 15 to 44.

“The most burdensome category is among young males who are victims of assaults with firearms,” Corso said. “So if you want to prevent those costs from occurring, you need to focus on prevention in that particular population.”

Other findings from the study include:

• Most of the $70 billion in costs associated with violence were from lost productivity ($64.4 billion), with the remaining $5.6 billion spent on medical care.
• Americans suffer 2.2 million medically treated injuries due to interpersonal violence annually, at a cost of $37 billion ($33 billion in productivity losses, $4 billion in medical treatment).
• The cost of self-inflicted injuries (suicide and attempted suicide) is $33 billion annually ($32 billion in productivity losses, $1 billion in medical costs).
• People aged 15 to 44 years comprise 44 percent of the population, but account for nearly 75 percent of injuries and 83 percent of costs due to interpersonal violence.
• The nearly 17,000 annual homicides result in $22.1 billion in costs. The average cost per homicide was $1.3 million in lost productivity and $4,906 in medical costs.
• The average cost per case for a non-fatal assault was $57,209 in lost productivity and $23,353 in medical costs.
• The average cost per case of suicide is $1 million in lost productivity and $2,596 in medical costs. The average cost for a non-fatal self inflicted injury was $9,726 in lost productivity and $7,234 in medical costs.

Corso points out that society often foots the bill for the medical costs of violence through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Productivity losses, by definition, are societal costs since they measure the contribution that the individual would have made through his or her work.

The researchers note that there are several programs that have been proven to reduce violence. Students participating in school-based programs that include a focus on enhancing academic progress and problem-solving skills, for example, have shown measurable decreases in violent behavior. Reductions in dating violence have been shown to persist four years after the completion of a program for adolescents known as Safe Dates.

Corso said the study probably underestimates the economic costs of violence because many people don’t seek medical attention for violence-related injuries and often attribute injuries from domestic violence and suicide attempts to accidents.

She added that economic costs provide, at best, an incomplete measure of the toll of violence. Victims of violence are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and a host of other problems such as substance abuse.

“There is a huge quality of life component that this research doesn’t capture,” Corso said. “Thinking about the Virginia Tech victims, no one can put a value on the impact the violence had on those families and students.

The research was funded by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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