K. S. Sajwan¹, T. Punshon², and J. C. Seaman²

¹Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
²Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, The University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29802, USA

 

Abstract
Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) arise from the combustion of coal for energy, with fly ash (FA), bottom ash (BA) and flue-gas desulfurization residues (FGD) the most abundant. Our reliance on fossil fuel for energy is set to continue into the 21st century, and research into the environmental safety of beneficial re-use options, as well as novel re-use options, must continue. Since previous editions of collected CCP research1, significant changes have been made to both the New Source Review and the Clean Air Act that directly impact CCP production figures. New techniques such as x-ray absorption spectroscopy are increasingly being used to reveal micron-scale elemental characteristics of CCPs, and aid our understanding of the distribution and chemical form of the metallic constituents. This chapter summarizes production and use covering the period 2001-2003, new trends in reuse applications and discusses new research on the environmental safety of CCP re-use.